Појаснувања/Прашања за aвтомобили

Background

European Union emission regulations for new light duty vehicles (cars and light commercial vehicles) are specified in the Directive 70/220/EEC. This basis Directive was amended a number of times, some of the most important amendments including:

• Euro 1 standards (also known as EC 93): Directives 91/441/EEC (passenger cars only) or 93/59/EEC (passenger cars and light trucks)
• Euro 2 standards (EC 96): Directives 94/12/EC or 96/69/EC
• Euro 3/4 standards (2000/2005): Directive 98/69/EC, further amendments in 2002/80/EC
• Euro 5/6 standards (2009/2014): Euro 5/6 “political” legislation [Regulation 715/2007] of 20 June 2007; the implementing part of the regulation (which will cover test procedures, deterioration factors and, if agreed by Member States, revised PM requirements) is to be finalized by 2 July 2008

Fuels. The 2000/2005 standards were accompanied by an introduction of more stringent fuel regulations that require minimum diesel cetane number of 51 (year 2000), maximum diesel sulfur content of 350 ppm in 2000 and 50 ppm in 2005, and maximum petrol (gasoline) sulfur content of 150 ppm in 2000 and 50 ppm in 2005. “Sulfur-free” diesel and gasoline fuels (≤ 10 ppm S) must be available from 2005, and become mandatory from 2009.

Emission Testing. Emissions are tested over the NEDC (ECE 15 + EUDC) chassis dynamometer procedure. Effective year 2000 (Euro 3), that test procedure was modified to eliminate the 40 s engine warm-up period before the beginning of emission sampling. This modified cold start test is referred to as the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) or as the MVEG-B test. All emissions are expressed in g/km.

The draft Euro 5/6 implementing legislation adopts a new PM mass emission measurement method (similar to the US 2007 procedure) developed by the UN/ECE Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP) and adjusts the PM mass emission limit to account for differences in results using the old and the new method. The legislation also introduces a particle number emission limit at the Euro 5/6 stage (PMP method), in addition to the mass-based limits. At the time of adoption of the Euro 5/6 regulation, its mass-based PM emission limits could only be met by closed particulate filters. Number-based PM limits would prevent the possibility that in the future open filters are developed that meet the PM mass limit but enable a high number of ultra fine particles to pass.

Emission Standards

Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (vehicle categories M₁ and N₁, respectively) are summarized in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and gasoline vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NOx. Gasoline vehicles are exempted from PM standards through the Euro 4 stage. Euro 5/6 regulations introduce PM mass emission standards, numerically equal to those for diesels, for gasoline cars with DI engines.

All dates listed in the tables refer to new type approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date—one year later (unless indicated otherwise)—which applies to first registration (entry into service) of existing, previously type-approved vehicle models.

Table 1
EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (Category M₁*), g/km

Tier	Date	CO	HC	HC+NOx	NOx	PM
Diesel
Euro 1†	1992.07	2.72 (3.16)	-	0.97 (1.13)	-	0.14 (0.18)
Euro 2, IDI	1996.01	1.0	-	0.7	-	0.08
Euro 2, DI	1996.01a	1.0	-	0.9	-	0.10
Euro 3	2000.01	0.64	-	0.56	0.50	0.05
Euro 4	2005.01	0.50	-	0.30	0.25	0.025
Euro 5	2009.09b	0.50	-	0.23	0.18	0.005e
Euro 6	2014.09	0.50	-	0.17	0.08	0.005e
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1†	1992.07	2.72 (3.16)	-	0.97 (1.13)	-	-
Euro 2	1996.01	2.2	-	0.5	-	-
Euro 3	2000.01	2.30	0.20	-	0.15	-
Euro 4	2005.01	1.0	0.10	-	0.08	-
Euro 5	2009.09b	1.0	0.10c	-	0.06	0.005d,e
Euro 6	2014.09	1.0	0.10c	-	0.06	0.005d,e
* At the Euro 1..4 stages, passenger vehicles > 2,500 kg were type approved as Category N1 vehicles † Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits a - until 1999.09.30 (after that date DI engines must meet the IDI limits) b - 2011.01 for all models c - and NMHC = 0.068 g/km d - applicable only to vehicles using DI engines e - proposed to be changed to 0.003 g/km using the PMP measurement procedure

Table 2
EU Emission Standards for Light Commercial Vehicles, g/km

Category†	Tier	Date	CO	HC	HC+NOx	NOx	PM
Diesel
N1, Class I ≤1305 kg	Euro 1	1994.10	2.72	-	0.97	-	0.14
	Euro 2, IDI	1998.01	1.0	-	0.70	-	0.08
	Euro 2, DI	1998.01a	1.0	-	0.90	-	0.10
	Euro 3	2000.01	0.64	-	0.56	0.50	0.05
	Euro 4	2005.01	0.50	-	0.30	0.25	0.025
	Euro 5	2009.09b	0.50	-	0.23	0.18	0.005e
	Euro 6	2014.09	0.50	-	0.17	0.08	0.005e
N1, Class II 1305-1760 kg	Euro 1	1994.10	5.17	-	1.40	-	0.19
	Euro 2, IDI	1998.01	1.25	-	1.0	-	0.12
	Euro 2, DI	1998.01a	1.25	-	1.30	-	0.14
	Euro 3	2001.01	0.80	-	0.72	0.65	0.07
	Euro 4	2006.01	0.63	-	0.39	0.33	0.04
	Euro 5	2010.09c	0.63	-	0.295	0.235	0.005e
	Euro 6	2015.09	0.63	-	0.195	0.105	0.005e
N1, Class III >1760 kg	Euro 1	1994.10	6.90	-	1.70	-	0.25
	Euro 2, IDI	1998.01	1.5	-	1.20	-	0.17
	Euro 2, DI	1998.01a	1.5	-	1.60	-	0.20
	Euro 3	2001.01	0.95	-	0.86	0.78	0.10
	Euro 4	2006.01	0.74	-	0.46	0.39	0.06
	Euro 5	2010.09c	0.74	-	0.350	0.280	0.005e
	Euro 6	2015.09	0.74	-	0.215	0.125	0.005e
Petrol (Gasoline)
N1, Class I ≤1305 kg	Euro 1	1994.10	2.72	-	0.97	-	-
	Euro 2	1998.01	2.2	-	0.50	-	-
	Euro 3	2000.01	2.3	0.20	-	0.15	-
	Euro 4	2005.01	1.0	0.1	-	0.08	-
	Euro 5	2009.09b	1.0	0.10f	-	0.06	0.005d,e
	Euro 6	2014.09	1.0	0.10f	-	0.06	0.005d,e
N1, Class II 1305-1760 kg	Euro 1	1994.10	5.17	-	1.40	-	-
	Euro 2	1998.01	4.0	-	0.65	-	-
	Euro 3	2001.01	4.17	0.25	-	0.18	-
	Euro 4	2006.01	1.81	0.13	-	0.10	-
	Euro 5	2010.09c	1.81	0.13g	-	0.075	0.005d,e
	Euro 6	2015.09	1.81	0.13g	-	0.075	0.005d,e
N1, Class III >1760 kg	Euro 1	1994.10	6.90	-	1.70	-	-
	Euro 2	1998.01	5.0	-	0.80	-	-
	Euro 3	2001.01	5.22	0.29	-	0.21	-
	Euro 4	2006.01	2.27	0.16	-	0.11	-
	Euro 5	2010.09c	2.27	0.16h	-	0.082	0.005d,e
	Euro 6	2015.09	2.27	0.16h	-	0.082	0.005d,e
† For Euro 1/2 the Category N1 reference mass classes were Class I ≤ 1250 kg, Class II 1250-1700 kg, Class III > 1700 kg. a - until 1999.09.30 (after that date DI engines must meet the IDI limits) b - 2011.01 for all models c - 2012.01 for all models d - applicable only to vehicles using DI engines e - proposed to be changed to 0.003 g/km using the PMP measurement procedure f - and NMHC = 0.068 g/km g - and NMHC = 0.090 g/km h - and NMHC = 0.108 g/km

Particle Number Emissions. Under the draft implementing legislation, a particle number emission limit of 5 × 10¹¹ km^-1 (PMP method, NEDC test) becomes effective at the Euro 5/6 stage for all categories of diesel vehicles (M, N₁, N₂). The particle number limit must be met in addition to the PM mass emission limits listed in the above tables.

The particle number emission limit is not applicable to gasoline vehicles.

Durability. Useful vehicle life for the purpose of emission regulations is:

• Euro 3 stage—80,000 km or 5 years (whichever occurs first); in lieu of an actual deterioration run, manufacturers may use the following deterioration factors: 1.2 for CO, HC, NOx (gasoline) or 1.1 for CO, NOx, HC+NOx and 1.2 for PM (diesel).
• Euro 4 stage—100,000 km or 5 years, whichever occurs first.
• Euro 5/6 stage—in-service conformity: 100,000 km or 5 years; durability testing of pollution control devices for type approval: 160,000 km or 5 years (whichever occurs first).

Other Provisions. The regulations include several additional provisions, such as:

• EU Member States may introduce tax incentives for early introduction of vehicles that comply with future emission standards.
• Requirement for low temperature emission test (-7°C) for gasoline vehicles effective 2002 [Directive 2001/100/EC]. The limits for cars are 15 g/km for CO and 1.8 g/km for HC, measured over the urban part of the test only.
• Onboard diagnostic (OBD) requirements for emission systems.

OBD Requirements

Starting from the Euro 3 stage, vehicles must be equipped with an onboard diagnostic system for emission control. Driver must be notified in case of a malfunction or deterioration of the emission system that would cause emissions to exceed mandatory thresholds, as listed in Table 3 (Euro 4 limits are proposed). The thresholds are based on the NEDC (cold start ECE+EUDC) test. To distinguish from the US OBD, the European limits are also referred to as the EOBD (European OBD).

Table 3
European OBD Threshold Limits, g/km

Category	Class	Tier	Date	CO	HC	NOx	PM
Diesel
M1		EU 3	2003	3.20	0.40	1.20	0.18
		EU 4	2005	3.20	0.40	1.20	0.18
N1	I	EU 3	2005	3.20	0.40	1.20	0.18
		EU 4	2005	3.20	0.40	1.20	0.18
	II	EU 3	2006	4.00	0.50	1.60	0.23
		EU 4	2006	4.00	0.50	1.60	0.23
	III	EU 3	2006	4.80	0.60	1.90	0.28
		EU 4	2006	4.80	0.60	1.90	0.28
Petrol (Gasoline)
M1		EU 3	2000	3.20	0.40	0.60	-
		EU 4	2005	1.90	0.30	0.53	-
N1	I	EU 3	2000	3.20	0.40	0.60	-
		EU 4	2005	1.90	0.30	0.53	-
	II	EU 3	2001	5.80	0.50	0.70	-
		EU 4	2005	3.44	0.38	0.62	-
	III	EU 3	2001	7.30	0.60	0.80	-
		EU 4	2005	4.35	0.47	0.70	-
Note: Passenger cars category M1 > 2,500 kg or with more than 6 seats meet OBD requirements for Category N1.

A number of OBD issues were clarified in the Directive 1999/102/EC. Dates of OBD application to gas fueled (LPG or NG) vehicles are given in Directive 2001/1/EC.

Vehicle CO₂ emissions

Relative Carbon dioxide emissions from transport have risen rapidly in recent years, from 21% of the total in 1990 to 28% in 2004 ^[1], but currently there are no standards for CO₂ emission limits.

The CO₂ emission limits are nowadays subject to a voluntary agreement between the EU and the automanufacturers (see ACEA agreement). The ultimate EU target with voluntary agreements are to contribute, is to reach an average CO2 emission (as measured according to Commission Directive 93/116/EC) ^[2] of 120 g/km for all new passenger cars by 2012.

However, as it becomes increasingly clear that the agreement will not deliver (having achieved only 160 g/km in 2005, from 186 g/km in 1995) lawmakers have started considering regulation.

In late 2005, the European Parliament ^[3] passed a resolution in support for mandatory CO₂ emission standards to replace current voluntary commitments by the automanufacturers and labelling.

In late 2006, in response to a new report, by the European Federation for Transport and Environment ^[4] documenting lack of progress on the voluntary targets, the European Commission announced that it was working on a proposal for legally-binding limit CO2 emissions from cars. ^[5] According to the mentioned European Federation for Transport and Environment study, Fiat is the best performer in Europe.

On 7th February 2007 the European Commission published its key draft proposal (COM 2007 0019) EC legislation to limit average CO2 emissions from the European fleet of cars to 120g CO2/km. Some people interpreted this as meaning that all manufacturers would have to average 120g for their fleet, but this is not the case. Some volume manufacturers of smaller cars such as Fiat, Renault and Peugeot-Citroen are already quite close to the target whilst smaller volume manufacturers of higher emissions cars such as BMW, Mercedes, Audi, Saab and Porsche are a long way from reaching this target. not surpisingly the french manufacturers want a blanket target whereas the German manufacturers feel a blanket target would destroyt their industries. Whatever the likely outcome of the final legislation (likely in in late 2007 /early 2008), if the intention is to truly bring down CO2 emission from the whole Euopean fleet then the legislation has to require all manufacturers to pull their weight and all reduce their emissions by similar amounts.

The environmental group (T&E) insists on the need for a longer-term target that doubles fuel efficiency of new cars over the next decade, 80 g/km by 2020. ^[6]

[edit] Fuel emission: stages and legal framework

The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4 and Euro 5 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The corresponding series of standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic numerals (Euro I, Euro II, etc.)

The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC [3]. Here is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide the definition of the standard.

• Euro 1 (1993):
  • For passenger cars - 91/441/EEC ^[7].
  • Also for passenger cars and light trucks - 93/59/EEC.
• Euro 2 (1996) for passenger cars - 94/12/EC (& 96/69/EC)
• Euro 3 (2000) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC ^[8]
• Euro 4 (2005) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC)
• Euro 5 (2008/9) for any vehicle - (COM(2005) 683 - proposed)^[9]

These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC.

The classifications for vehicle types are defined by 2001/116/EC (amending Directive 70/156/EEC).

In the area of fuels, the 2001 Biofuels Directive requires that 5,75% all transport fossil fuels (petrol and diesel) should be replaced by biofuels by December 31, 2010, with an intermediate target of 2 % by the end of 2005.

Sigmar Gabriel, Germany’s environment minister, rebuffs calls to extend deadline to implement CO2 reduction standards.

[edit] Emission standards for passenger cars

Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarized in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and gasoline vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NOx. Gasoline vehicles are exempted from PM standards through the Euro 4 stage (Euro 5 proposal introduces PM standards for lean-burning gasoline cars).

All dates listed in the tables refer to new type approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date—one year later—which applies to first registration (entry into service) of existing, previously type-approved vehicle models.

European emission standards for Passenger Cars (Category M₁*), g/km

Tier	Date	CO	HC	HC+NOx	NOx	PM
Diesel
Euro I†	July 1992	2.72 (3.16)	-	0.97 (1.13)	-	0.14 (0.18)
Euro II, IDI	Jan. 1996	1.0	-	0.7	-	0.08
Euro II, DI	Jan. 1996a	1.0	-	0.9	-	0.10
Euro III	Jan. 2000	0.64	-	0.56	0.50	0.05
Euro IV	Jan. 2005	0.50	-	0.30	0.25	0.025
Euro V (proposed)	Sept. 2009	0.50	-	0.23	0.18	0.005
Euro VI (proposed)	Sept. 2014	0.50	-	0.17	0.08	0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro I†	July 1992	2.72 (3.16)	-	0.97 (1.13)	-	-
Euro II	Jan. 1996	2.2	-	0.5	-	-
Euro III	Jan. 2000	2.30	0.20	-	0.15	-
Euro IV	Jan. 2005	1.0	0.10	-	0.08	-
Euro V (proposed)	Sept. 2009	1.0	0.10	-	0.06	0.005b
Euro VI (proposed)	Sept. 2014	1.0	0.10	-	0.06	0.005
* Before Euro V passenger vehicles > 2500 kg were type approved as Light commercial vehicle N1 - I

[edit] Emission standards for Light commercial vehicles

European emission standards for Light commercial vehicles ≤1305 kg (Category N1 - I), g/km

Tier	Date	CO	HC	HC+NOx	NOx	PM
Diesel
Euro I	Oct. 1994	2.72	-	0.97	-	0.14
Euro II, IDI	Jan. 1998	1.0	-	0.7	-	0.08
Euro II, DI	Jan. 1998	1.0	-	0.9	-	0.10
Euro III	Jan. 2000	0.64	-	0.56	0.50	0.05
Euro IV	Jan. 2005	0.50	-	0.30	0.25	0.025
Euro V (proposed)	Sept. 2010	0.50	-	0.23	0.18	0.005
Euro VI	Sep. 2015	0.50	-	0.17	0.08	0.05
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro I	Oct 1994	2.72	-	0.97	-	-
Euro II	Jan. 1998	2.2	-	0.5	-	-
Euro III	Jan. 2000	2.30	0.20	-	0.15	-
Euro IV	Jan. 2005	1.0	0.10	-	0.08	-
Euro V	Sept. 2010	1.0	0.075	-	0.06	0.005
Euro VI

European emission standards for Light commercial vehicles 1305 kg-1760 kg (Category N1 - II), g/km

Tier	Date	CO	HC	HC+NOx	NOx	PM
Diesel
Euro I	Oct. 1994	5.17	-	1.4	-	0.19
Euro II, IDI	Jan. 1998	1.25	-	1.0	-	0.12
Euro II, DI	Jan. 1998	1.25	-	1.0	-	0.12
Euro III	Jan. 2001	0.80	-	0.72	0.65	0.07
Euro IV	Jan. 2006	0.63	-	0.39	0.33	0.04
Euro V	Sept. 2010	0.63	-	0.295	0.235	0.005
Euro VI	Sep. 2015	0.63	-	0.195	0.105	0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro I	Oct 1994	5.17	-	1.4	-	-
Euro II	Jan. 1998	4.0	-	0.65	-	-
Euro III	Jan. 2001	4,17	0.25	-	0.18	-
Euro IV	Jan. 2006	1.81	0.13	-	0.10	-
Euro V	Sept. 2010	1.81	0.13	-	0.075	0.005
Euro VI

European emission standards for Light commercial vehicles >1760 kg max 3500 kg. (Category N1 - III), g/km

Tier	Date	CO	HC	HC+NOx	NOx	PM
Diesel
Euro I	Oct. 1994	6.9	-	1.7	-	0.25
Euro II, IDI	Jan. 1998	1.5	-	1.2	-	0.17
Euro II, DI	Jan. 1998	1.5	-	1.6	-	0.20
Euro III	Jan. 2001	0.95	-	0.86	0.78	0.10
Euro IV	Jan. 2006	0.95	-	0.46	0.39	0.06
Euro V	Sept. 2010	0.74	-	0.3505	0.280	0.005
Euro VI	Sep. 2015	0.74	-	0.350	0.280	0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro I	Oct 1994	6.9	-	1.7	-	-
Euro II	Jan. 1998	5.0	-	0.8	-	-
Euro III	Jan. 2001	5.22	0.29	-	0.21	-
Euro IV	Jan. 2006	2.27	0.16	-	0.11	-
Euro V	Sept. 2010	2.27	0.16	-	0.082	0.005
Euro VI

[edit] Emission standards for lorries and buses

Whereas for passenger cars, the standards are defined in g/km, for lorries (trucks) they are defined by engine power, g/kWh, and are therefore in no way comparable. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all type approvals are in most cases one year later (EU type approvals are valid longer than one year).

The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses.

EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh (smoke in m^-1)

Tier	Date	Test cycle	CO	HC	NOx	PM	Smoke
Euro I	1992, < 85 kW	ECE R-49	4.5	1.1	8.0	0.612
	1992, > 85 kW		4.5	1.1	8.0	0.36
Euro II	Oct. 1996		4.0	1.1	7.0	0.25
	Oct. 1998		4.0	1.1	7.0	0.15
Euro III	Oct. 1999 EEVs only	ESC & ELR	1.5	0.25	2.0	0.02	0.15
	Oct. 2000	ESC & ELR	2.1	0.66	5.0	0.10 0.13*	0.8
Euro IV	Oct. 2005		1.5	0.46	3.5	0.02	0.5
Euro V	Oct. 2008		1.5	0.46	2.0	0.02	0.5
* for engines of less than 0.75 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute. EEV is "Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle".

[edit] Emission standards for Large Goods Vehicles

Large Goods Vehicle European emission standards

Euro norm emissions for category N2, EDC, (2000 and up)

Standard	Date	CO (g/kWh)	NOx (g/kWh)	HC (g/kWh)	Particulates (g/kWh)
Euro 0	1988-1992	12.30	15.8	2.60	none
Euro I	1992-1995	4.90	9.00	1.23	0.40
Euro II	1995-1999	4.00	7.00	1.10	0.15
Euro III	1999-2005	2.10	5.00	0.66	0.10
Euro IV	2005-2008	1.50	3.50	0.46	0.02
Euro V	2008-2012	1.50	2.00	0.46	0.02
Euro VI

Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle

Standard	Date	CO (g/kWh)	NOx (g/kWh)	HC (g/kWh)	Particulates (g/kWh)
Euro 0	1988-1992	11.20	14.40	2.40	none
Euro I	1992-1995	4.50	8.00	1.10	0.36
Euro II	1995-1999	4.00	7.00	1.10	0.15

[edit] Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle or EEV is a term used in the European emission standards for the definition of a "clean vehicle" > 3.5 tonne in the category M2 and M3.

[edit] Cycle beating

For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions it is crucial that the test cycles under which the emissions have to comply as much as possible reflect normal driving situations. It was recently discovered that engine manufacturers would engage in what was called 'cycle beating' to optimize emission performance to the test cycle, while emissions from typical driving conditions would be much higher than expected, undermining the standards and public health. In one particular instance, recent research from two German technology institutes found that for diesel cars no 'real' NOx reductions have been achieved after 13 years of stricter standards[4].

Brrrm drugar ocigledno poima nemas ni ti za motori so vnatresno sogoruvanje. Kako prvo, dizelot ne se meri po oktanska, tuku po cetanska vrednost i tuka ima gooooolema razlika! Oktanska vrednost znaci otpor na gorivoto kon detonantno sogoruvanje, a cetanska za polesno sogoruvanje. Ama sto ti zboram jas koga nemas poima.

Dizelot ima mnogu pogolemi moznosti vo odnos na performansi - ekonomicnost. Otsekogas i imal! Denes vo sekoj dizel se vgraduva turbo polnac (veruvam deka ne znaes ni sto e toa, samo imas slusnato), koj dopolnitelno go zgolemuva vrtezniot moment i silata.

Kaj dizelot isto taka, momentot i silata se isporacuvaat na poniski vrtezi, pa zabrzuvanjeto teoretski e i podobro, bidejki dodeka benzinecot razviva vrtezi, dizelot veke ja postignal maksimalnata sila!

Inaku jas se uste bi odbral benzinec - so nego imas mnogu podobra kontrola na performansite bidejki ne se tolku nabutani vo raspon od 2.000 vrtezi vo min. (sila i moment) pa pri izlez od krivina mnogu podobro ke se izvleces so benzinec bidejki polinearno ja razviva silata.

I vikas deka si otvoril hauba! I sto nauci od toa?

*

Изменето од zagor - 01.Септември.2008 во 01:51

наjпосле некоj да каже нешто верно - за Lady Blue зборам
а иначе кажете има ли спортска кола, моторцикл или авион дизел?
мислам, дека бев jасен
и зошто правите споредба мегу турбодизел и атмосферен бензинец?

...i porano kazav deka KS(kW) ne se merilo za maksimalna ili pogolema brzina..ima svoe vlijanie no ne e presudna.....!..a toa za prolizguvanje na trkalata nema nikakva vrska so toa dali e benziski ili dizel,turbo ili obicen....

возам старо Ауди 80 1.8 90 кс
максималниот вртежен момент му е на 3000 об/мин
ама нема да имам jадови да го возам 1.8 турбо со 150 кс и максимален вртежен момент от 1750 до 5000 об/мин
а за дизелите многу ми е жално