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snegulka
Сениор Регистриран: 17.Август.2006 Статус: Офлајн Поени: 3201 |
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Испратена: 17.Декември.2007 во 11:34 |
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snegulka
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snegulka
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snegulka
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Vladimir88
Сениор "Arbeit macht frei" Регистриран: 20.Декември.2007 Статус: Офлајн Поени: 4349 |
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Zebra-tailed lizard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Zebra-tailed Lizard) Jump to: navigation, search Callisaurus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Order: Squamata Suborder: Lacertilia Family: Phrynosomatidae Genus: Callisaurus Species See text. Zebra-tailed lizards are lizards of the genus Callisaurus in the reptile order Squamata. These lizards live in open desert with fairly hard-packed soil, scattered vegetation and/or scattered rocks, typically desert flats, washes and plains. They range from 2.5 to 4 in (60 to 100 mm) in length. These lizards are gray to sandy brown, usually with series of paired dark gray spots down the back, becoming black bands on the tail. The underside of tail is white with black bands. Males have a pair of black blotches on the side, extending to blue patches on the belly. Females have no blue patches, and the black bars are either faint or completely absent. They are diurnal and alert. They rise early and are active in all but the hottest weather. During the hottest times of day, lizards may stand alternately on two legs, switching to the opposite two as needed in a kind of dance. When threatened they will run swiftly with their toes curled up and tails raised over their backs exposing the stripes. They can even run on their hind legs for short distances. In areas of creosote scrub this lizard seems to reach highest densities, around 4.8 to 6.0 individuals per acre (600 to 800 m² per lizard). This lizard burrows into fine sand for retreat at night and usually seeks day shelter in the shade of bushes. In summer, 2 to 8 eggs are typically laid, hatching anywhere from July to November. However, more than 1 clutch can be laid during a season. Eggs are laid, presumably, in friable, sandy soil. Being a prey species for many animals, including birds, other lizards, and mammals, they have a fairly high reproductive potential. It feeds on a variety of prey from insects, such as moths, ants and bees, as well as spiders and other smaller lizards. Its diet occasionally includes vegetation, such as spring buds and flowers. The zebra-tailed lizard is common and widely distributed throughout the southwestern United States, ranging from the Mojave and Colorado deserts north into the southern Great Basin. |
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Vladimir88
Сениор "Arbeit macht frei" Регистриран: 20.Декември.2007 Статус: Офлајн Поени: 4349 |
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The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis[1]), also known as the Komodo Monitor,[1] Komodo Island Monitor,[1] Ora (to the natives of Komodo[2]), or simply Komodo, is a species of lizard which inhabits the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, and Gili Dasami in central Indonesia.[3] A member of the monitor lizard family Varanidae, and the clade Toxicofera, the Komodo is the largest living species of lizard, growing to an average length of 2–3 metres (approximately 6.5–10 ft). This great length is attributed to island gigantism, as there are no carnivorous mammals to fill the niche in the islands that they live on, and the Komodo dragon's low metabolic rate.[4][5] As a result of their great size, these lizards are apex predators, dominating the ecosystems in which they live.[6] Komodo dragons were only discovered by Western scientists in 1910. Their large size and fearsome reputation makes them popular zoo exhibits. In the wild their range has contracted due to human activities and they are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. They are protected under Indonesian law and a national park, Komodo National Park, was founded in order to protect them. n the wild, adult Komodos usually weigh around 70 kilograms (154 lb).[7] Captive specimens often weigh more. The largest verified wild specimen was 3.13 metres (10 ft 3 in) long and weighed 166 kilograms (365 lb), including undigested food.[8] Komodo dragons have a tail that is as long as the body, as well as about 60 frequently-replaced serrated teeth that may be 2.5 centimetres (1 inch) in length.[9] Their saliva will frequently be blood-tinged, because their teeth are almost completely covered by gingival tissue and this tissue is naturally lacerated during feeding.[10] This creates an ideal culture for the virulent bacteria that live in their mouths.[11] It also has a long, yellow, deeply-forked tongue.[8] [edit] Physiology A basking Komodo dragon photographed at Disney's Animal Kingdom. A basking Komodo dragon photographed at Disney's Animal Kingdom. Komodo dragons' sense of hearing is not particularly acute, despite their visible earholes.[12] They are able to see as far away as 300 metres (985 feet), but because their retinas only contain cones, they are thought to have poor night vision. Komodo dragons are able to see in color but have poor visual discrimination of stationary objects.[13] They use their tongue to detect taste and smell stimuli, as with many other reptiles, with the vomeronasal sense using a Jacobson's organ, a sense that aids navigation in the dark.[14] With the help of a favorable wind and their habit of swinging their head from side to side as they walk, they may be able to detect carrion from 4–9.5 kilometres (2.5–6 mi) away.[10][13] Komodo dragons' nostrils are not of great use for smelling, as they do not have a diaphragm.[15] They have no taste buds on their tongues, only a few in the back of the throat.[14] Their scales, some reinforced with bone, have sensory plaques connected to nerves that facilitate their sense of touch. The scales around the ears, lips, chin, and soles of the feet may have three or more sensory plaques.[10] Formerly, Komodo dragons were thought to be deaf when a study reported no agitation in wild Komodo Dragons during whispers, raised voices, and shouts. This was disputed when London Zoological Garden employee Joan Proctor trained a captive monitor to come out to feed at the sound of her voice, even when she could not be seen.[16] [edit] Ecology, behavior and life history Close-up of a Komodo's foot and tail. Close-up of a Komodo's foot and tail. Komodo dragons are found exclusively in Indonesia, on the islands of Komodo, Flores and Rinca and on several islands of the Lesser Sunda archipelago.[17] They prefer hot and dry places, and typically live in dry open grassland, savanna and tropical forest at low elevations. As ectotherms, they are most active in the day, although they do exhibit some nocturnal activity. Komodo dragons are largely solitary, coming together only to breed and eat. They are capable of running rapidly in brief sprints (up to 20 kilometres per hour [12.4 mph]), are excellent swimmers (may dive up to 4.5 metres [15 ft]),[18] and climb trees proficiently through use of their strong claws.[7] To catch prey that is out of reach, they may stand on their hind legs and use their tail as a support.[16] As Komodo dragons mature, their claws are used primarily as weapons, as their great mass makes climbing impractical. For shelter, Komodo dragons dig holes that can measure from 1–3 metres (3–10 ft) wide with their powerful forelimbs and claws.[19] Because of their large size and habit of sleeping in these burrows, Komodo dragons are able to conserve body heat throughout the night and minimize their basking period the morning after.[20] Komodo dragons typically hunt in the afternoon, but stay in the shade during the hottest part of the day.[21] [edit] Feeding ecology Komodo dragons on Rinca Komodo dragons on Rinca Komodo dragons are carnivores. Although they eat mostly carrion,[4] studies show that they also hunt live prey with a stealthy approach followed by a sudden short charge. When suitable prey arrives near a dragon's ambush site, it will suddenly charge at the animal and go for the underside or the throat.[10] The lizard is able to locate its prey using its keen sense of smell, which can locate a dead or dying animal from a range of up to 9.5 kilometers (6 miles).[10] Young Komodo Dragon photographed on Rinca feeding on a water buffalo carcass Young Komodo Dragon photographed on Rinca feeding on a water buffalo carcass Komodo dragons eat by tearing large chunks of flesh and swallowing them whole while holding the carcass down with their forelegs. The copious amounts of red saliva that the Komodo dragons produce helps to lubricate the food, but swallowing is still a long process (15–20 minutes to swallow a goat). To prevent itself from suffocating while swallowing, it breathes using a small tube under the tongue that connects to the lungs.[10] The Komodo dragon's loosely articulated jaws, flexible skull, and expandable stomach allows it to eat up to 80 percent of its body weight in one meal.[22][6] After eating, it drags itself to a sunny spot to speed digestion, as the food could rot and poison the dragon if left undigested for too long. Because of their slow metabolism, large dragons can survive on as little as 12 meals a year. After digestion, the Komodo dragon regurgitates a mass of horns, hair, and teeth known as the gastric pellet, which is covered in malodorous mucus. After regurgitating the gastric pellet, it rubs its face in the dirt or on bushes to get rid of the mucus, suggesting that it, like humans, does not relish the scent of its own mucus.[10] The largest animals generally eat first, while the smaller ones follow a hierarchy. The largest male asserts his dominance and the smaller males show their submission by use of body language and rumbling hisses. Dragons of equal size may resort to "wrestling." Losers usually retreat, though have been known to have been killed and eaten by victors.[10] The dragon's diet is wide-ranging, and includes invertebrates, other reptiles (including smaller Komodo Dragons), birds, bird eggs, small mammals, monkeys, wild boars, goats, deer, horses, and water buffalos. Young Komodos will eat insects, eggs, geckoes, and small mammals.[4][22] Occasionally they have been known to consume humans and human corpses, digging up bodies from shallow graves to do so.[16] It is thought that the Komodo dragon evolved to feed on the extinct dwarf elephant Stegodon that once lived on Flores.[23] The Komodo dragon has been observed intentionally startling a pregnant deer in the hopes of a miscarriage whose remains they can eat, a technique that has also been observed in large African predators.[23] Because the Komodo dragon does not have a diaphragm, it cannot suck water when drinking, nor can it lap water with its tongue. Instead, it drinks by taking a mouthful of water, lifting its head, and letting the water run down its throat.[10] [edit] Venom and bacteria Komodo dragons have recently been discovered to produce a venom. In late 2005, University of Melbourne researchers discovered that Perenties (Varanus giganteus), other monitors, Gila Monsters (Heloderma suspectum), Iguanians and Beaded Lizards (Heloderma horridum) may be somewhat venomous. Previously, it had been thought that bites inflicted by these lizards were simply prone to infection because of bacteria in the lizards' mouths, but these researchers have shown that the immediate effects are caused by mild envenomation. Bites on human digits by a Lace Monitor (Varanus varius), a Komodo dragon and a Spotted Tree Monitor (V. scalaris) have been observed and all produced similar results in humans: rapid swelling within minutes, localised disruption of blood clotting, shooting pain up to to the elbow, with some symptoms lasting for several hours.[24] In addition to the venom, dragons also possess virulent bacteria in their saliva, of which more than 28 Gram-negative and 29 Gram-positive strains have been isolated.[25] These bacteria cause septicemia in their victim; if an initial bite does not kill the prey animal and it escapes, it will commonly succumb within a week to the resulting infection. The deadliest bacteria in Komodo dragon saliva appears to be a very deadly strain of Pasteurella multocida, from studies performed with lab mice.[26] Because the Komodo dragon appears immune to its own microbes, much research has been done searching for the antibacterial molecule in the hopes of human medicinal use.[27] [edit] Life history A sleeping Komodo dragon. Notice the large, curved claws used in fighting and eating. A sleeping Komodo dragon. Notice the large, curved claws used in fighting and eating. Mating occurs between May and August, with the eggs laid in September.[18] During this period, males fight over females and territory by grappling with one another upon their hind legs with the loser eventually being pinned to the ground. These males may vomit or defecate when preparing for the fight.[16] The winner of the fight will then flick his long tongue at the female to gain information about her receptivity.[6] Females are antagonistic and resist with their claws and teeth during the early phases of courtship. Therefore, the male must fully restrain the female during coitus to avoid being hurt. Other courtship displays include males rubbing their chins on the female, hard scratches to the back, and licking.[28] Copulation occurs when the male inserts one of his hemipenes into the female's cloaca.[13] Komodo Dragons may be monogamous and form "pair bonds," a rare behavior for lizards.[16][22] The female will lay her eggs in the burrows in the ground, cut into the side of a hill or in the abandoned nesting mounds of the Orange-footed Scrubfowl (a moundbuilder or megapode), with a preference for the abandoned mounds.[29] Clutches contain an average of 20 eggs which have an incubation period of 7–8 months.[16] The female lies on the eggs to incubate and protect them until they hatch around April, at the end of the rainy season when insects are plentiful.[18] In this image, the long tail and claws are fully visible. In this image, the long tail and claws are fully visible. Hatching is an exhausting effort for the pups, who break out of their eggshells with an egg tooth that falls off after the job is done. After cutting out the hatchlings may lie in their eggshells for hours before starting to dig out of the nest. They are born quite defenseless, and many are eaten by predators.[10] Young Komodo dragons spend much of their first few years in trees, where they are relatively safe from predators, including cannibalistic adults, who make juvenile dragons 10 percent of their diet.[30][16] When the young must approach a kill, they roll around in fecal matter and rest in the intestines of eviscerated animals to deter these hungry adults.[16][22] Dragons take about three to five years to mature, and may live for up to 50 years.[19] There are recorded examples of parthenogenesis (reproduction without the contribution of a male), a phenomenon also known to occur in some other reptile species, such as Whiptail Lizards.[7] [edit] Parthenogenesis Parthenogenetic baby Komodo dragon, Chester Zoo, England Parthenogenetic baby Komodo dragon, Chester Zoo, England Sungai, a Komodo dragon at London Zoo, laid a clutch of eggs in early 2006 after being separated from males for more than two years. Scientists initially assumed that she had been able to store sperm from her earlier encounter with a male, an adaptation known as superfecundation. After being told of the condition of Flora's eggs, testing showed that Sungai's eggs were also produced without outside fertilization.[31] On December 20, 2006, it was reported that Flora, a captive Komodo dragon living in the Chester Zoo in England, is the second known Komodo Dragon to have laid unfertilized eggs: she laid 11 eggs, and 7 of them hatched, all of them male.[32] Scientists at Liverpool University in northern England performed genetic tests on three eggs that collapsed after being moved to an incubator, and verified that Flora had had no physical contact with a male Dragon. Komodo dragons have the ZW chromosomal sex-determination system, not the mammalian XY system. That her progeny were male, shows that Flora's unfertilized eggs were haploid and doubled their chromosomes later to become diploid, and that she did not lay diploid eggs as would have happened if one of the meiosis reduction-divisions in her ovaries had failed, and that the egg was not fertilized by a polar body. When a female Komodo dragon (with ZW sex chromosomes) reproduces in this manner, she provides her progeny with only one chromosome from each of her pairs of chromosomes, including only one of her two sex chromosomes. This single set of chromosomes is duplicated in the egg, which develops parthenogenetically. Eggs receiving a Z chromosome become ZZ (male); those receiving a W chromosome become WW and fail to develop.[33] It has been hypothesized that this reproductive adaptation allows a single female to enter an isolated ecological niche (such as an island) and by parthenogenesis produce male offspring, thereby establishing a sexually reproducing population (via reproduction with her offspring that can result in both male and female young).[33] Despite the advantages of such an adaptation, zoos are cautioned that parthenogenesis may be detrimental to genetic diversity.[34] |
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Vladimir88
Сениор "Arbeit macht frei" Регистриран: 20.Декември.2007 Статус: Офлајн Поени: 4349 |
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Gold dust day gecko (Phelsuma laticauda laticauda (Boettger, 1880) (syn. Pachydactylus laticauda Boettger, 1880)) is a diurnal subspecies of geckos. It lives in northern Madagascar and on the Comoros. It typically inhabits different trees and houses. The Gold dust day gecko feeds on insects and nectar. Contents [hide] * 1 Description * 2 Diet * 3 Behaviour * 4 Reproduction * 5 Care and maintenance in captivity * 6 References [edit] Description A Day Gecko in Holualoa, Hawai'i. A Day Gecko in Holualoa, Hawai'i. This lizard belongs to the smaller day geckos. It can reach a total length of about 13 cm. The body colour is a bright green or yellowish green or rarely even blue. Typical for this day gecko are the yellow speckles on the neck and the upper back. There are three rust-coloured transverse bars on the snout and head. The upper eyelid is blue. On the lower back there are three longish red bars. The tail is slightly flattened. The ventral side is off-white. The Gold dust day gecko inhabits the northern part of Madagascar. It can also be found on the island of Nosy Bé, the Comoros and Réunion island. According to McKeown [2], this species has also been introduced onto Farquhar Atoll in the southern Seychelles, and onto the Hawaiian Islands, where it is established on both sides of O'ahu, the Kona side of the Big Island, and on Maui. It has also been spotted on the west side of Kauai and the eastern tip of the big island. [edit] Diet Gold dust day gecko licking nectar from the 'bird of paradise' flower of Strelitzia Gold dust day gecko licking nectar from the 'bird of paradise' flower of Strelitzia These day geckos feed on various insects and other invertebrates. They also like to lick soft, sweet fruit, pollen, and nectar. [edit] Behaviour Gold dust day geckos fighting on a banana tree in central Saint-Denis, Réunion. Gold dust day geckos fighting on a banana tree in central Saint-Denis, Réunion. Gold dust day gecko consuming a baby lizard Gold dust day gecko consuming a baby lizard The males of this species are rather aggressive and can be quite quarrelsome. They do not accept other males in their neighborhood. In captivity, where the females cannot escape, the males may also seriously wound a female. In this case the male and female must be separated. [edit] Reproduction The females lay up to 5 pairs of eggs. At a temperature of 28°C, the young will hatch after approximately 40–45 days. The juveniles measure 55–60 mm. They should be kept separately since even the juveniles can be quite quarrelsome. Sexual maturity is reached after 10–12 months. [edit] Care and maintenance in captivity These animals should be housed singly or in pairs and need a large, well planted terrarium. The temperature should be about 28°C during the day and drop to around 20°C at night. The humidity should be maintained between 65 and 75%. In captivity, these animals can be fed with crickets, wax worms (wax moth larva), fruit flies, maggots, meal worms and houseflies. [edit] References 1. Henkel, F.-W. and W. Schmidt (1995) Amphibien und Reptilien Madagaskars, der Maskarenen, Seychellen und Komoren. Ulmer Stuttgart. ISBN 3-8001-7323-9 2. McKeown, Sean (1993) The general care and maintenance of day geckos. Advanced Vivarium Systems, Lakeside CA. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_dust_day_gecko" Category: Geckos Изменето од Vladimir88 - 27.Декември.2007 во 13:44 |
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girl93
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емил
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bijonse1
Сениор bella Madonna Регистриран: 14.Јануари.2009 Локација: Macedonia Статус: Офлајн Поени: 16521 |
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sanja-a
Сениор Only God Can Judge Me! Регистриран: 12.Април.2009 Статус: Офлајн Поени: 13457 |
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Балкански гекон-Gumnodactylus kotschyi
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Обожавам луѓе кои ме смеат.
Искрено, мислам дека смеењето е нешто што го сакам најмногу. Тоа лечи многу болести. Можеби тоа е најважното нешто кај човекот. Одри Хепберн |
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емил
Сениор зависник идивидовски Регистриран: 11.Август.2009 Статус: Офлајн Поени: 85186 |
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Кое животно има три очиТуатара, влекач кој живее само во Нов Зеланд, е единственото животно кои има три „очи“. Спаѓа во група на влекачи во која во минататото спаѓале многу други суштества, но денес, Туатарата е единстениот член од таа група што преживеал. |
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brza
Сениор Регистриран: 06.Февруари.2006 Локација: vidiFOTOupotpis Статус: Офлајн Поени: 34534 |
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bazilisk...........edinstveniot gushter i voopshto neshto , shto moze da trcha po.....voda!
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Patriotizmot e poslednoto skrivalishte na kriminalcite.-Albert Einstein
Mokjta od sekogash privlekuvala lugje so nizok moral.-Albert Einstein |
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laki_bu
Профил од член
Испрати лична порака
Најди пораки од член
Посети го сајтот на членот
Додај во листа на пријатели
Сениор Лидер Регистриран: 30.Ноември.2008 Локација: Germanija Статус: Офлајн Поени: 32100 |
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Moeto domasno milenice........ Изменето од laki_bu - 17.Октомври.2012 во 22:52 |
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Без разлика колку страници прочитал учениот човек, никогаш не треба да заборави дека се уште не ни стигнал до првата страна....
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Скок до | Овластувања Вие не може да внесувате нови теми на форумот Вие не може да одговарате на теми на форумот Вие не може да ги бришете вашите пораки од форумот Вие не може да ги менувате вашите пораки од форумот Вие не може да креирате анкета на форумот Вие не може да гласате на форумот |