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Linux команди

Испечатено од: IDIVIDI forum
Категорија: Технологија
Име на форумот: Хардвер и софтвер
Опис на форумот: Матични плочи, монитори, оперативни системи, антивируси, интересни програмчиња ....
URL: http://forum.idividi.com.mk/forum_posts.asp?TID=4745
Датум на принтање: 15.Јануари.2025 во 13:51
Верзија на софтверот: Web Wiz Forums 10.03 - http://www.webwizforums.com

Тема: Linux команди

Постирано од: ultra
Наслов: Linux команди
Датум на внесување: 02.Август.2006 во 09:36

< ="Content-" content="text/; charset=UTF-8"> < name="Generator" content="Kate, the KDE Advanced Text Editor">

MAL PREGLED NA NAREDBITE VO LINUX (se nadevam deka ke im pomogne na pocetnicite (tuka i jas spagam))

Shell e vazna alatka vo Linux-ot. So davanje na naredbite vo Terminalot ili Konzolata moze pobrzo da se raboti otkolku preku voobicaenite metodi preku maus-ot i folder-ite.
Slednite Linux-naredbi se samo eden mal izvadok od mnogute naredbi koi vo sekojdnevnata rabota se dosta potrebni. Najdobro e da se isprobaat za da se sfati nivnoto znacenje.
Za site novajlii vo Linux-ot: Cesto se postavuva prasanjeto dali e naporno site tie naredbi i iminja na programi da se vtipuvaat... vo toj slucaj se vtipuva prvata/ite bukva/i i se stiska TAB-"kopce", "tast" (kako sakate kazete), taka da ostatokot sam se pojavuva. Na istiot nacin moze da se vidi dali nekoj program e instaliran.

Da premineme na naredbite:

opsto:
[naredba] &            Konzolata moze i ponatamu da se koristi            firefox &
[naredba] && [naredba] Edno po drugo izvrsuvanje na naredbite             firefox && shutdown -h now
man [programa}         Pomos za odredena programa                         man firefox

papki i fajlovi:
cd [papka]             preminuva vo dadenata papka                        cd /tmp
cd ..                  preminuva vo pogornata papka                       cd ../td
cd /                   preminuva vo "korenovata" (root) papka             cd /
cd -                   preminuva vo prethodnata papka                     cd -
cp [fajl][papka]       go kopira dadeniot fajl vo dad. papka              cp 123.txt/tmp
mv                     pomestuva eden fajl                                mv 123.txt/tmp
mv [fajl1][fajl2]      preimenuva eden fajl                               mv 123.txt 456.txt
rm                     brise eden fajl                                    rm /tmp/123.txt ; rm /tmp/*
rm -rf                 brise se sto e vo edna papka                       rm -rf /tmp/
mkdir                  kreira papka                                       mkdir /home/test
rmdir                  brise papka                                        rmdir /home/test
ls                     ja pokazuva sodrzinata na papkata                  ls /home/test
ls -l                  dava detalna lista na papkata                      ls -l /home/test
ls -la                 gi lista site fajlovi vo papkata detalno           ls -la /home/test
alias ls='ls --color'  prikazuva vo boja                                  alias ls='ls --color'
pwd                    ja pokazuva aktuelnata papka                       pwd
cat [fajl]             ja pokazuva sodrzinata na eden fajl                cat 123.txt
more [fajl]            ja pokazuva sodrzinata na fajlot po strani         more 123.txt
touch [fajl]           kreira prazen fajl                                 touch 123.txt
whereis [prog]         bara program                                       whereis Firefox
find . | grep [fajl]   bara eden fajl vo papka                            find . | grep 123.txt
grep [KEY] [fajl]      bara "klucen" zbor vo eden fajl                    grep Haus 123.txt
locate [fajl]          bara fajl vo banka na fajlovi t.e. dati            locate 123.txt
updatedb               aktueliziranje nabankat na dati                    updatedb
which                  pokazuva kade se naoga dadenata programa           which firefox

System
arch                  prozesorot od koja "familija" e                     arch
cat /proc/filesystems koj e podrzuvan fajlsistem                          cat /proc/filesystems
cat /proc/cpuinfo     informacii za CPU-to                                cat /proc/cpuinfo
cat /proc/pci         informacii za PCI-kartickite                        cat /proc/pci
dmesg | grep hd       info. za hardisc-ot floppy cd-rom...                dmesg | grep hd
date                  datum i vreme                                       date
dmesg                 Kernellogger: gi pokazuva aktivnostite na kernel-ot mesg
free                  ja pokazuva iskoristenosta na rab. memorija         free
glxgears              mal test za performansite na VGA                    glxgears
glxinfo               podatoci za OpenGL i grafickata karticka            glxinfo
kill [PID]            zatvara eden proces so odredena ID                  kill 1067
killall [Prog]        go zatvara dadeniot proces                          killall Firefox
lspci                 info za PCI-komponentite                            lspci
shutdown -h now       go "zatvara" PC-to                                  shutdown -h now
shutdown -r now       rebotuva                                            shutdown -r now
top                   gi pokazuva programite i CPU-optovaruvanjeto        top
uptime                kolku vreme raboti PC-to                            uptime
X -version            ja pokazuva verzijata na Xfree                      X -version

Harddisc
df                    ja pokazuva zafatenosta                             df -h
fdisk                 particioniranje na hardisc-ot                       fdisk /dev/hda
mkfs.ext2             formatiranje na HDD so ext2                         mkfs.ext2 /dev/hda1
mkfs.ext3             formatiranje na HDD so ext3                         mkfs.ext3 /dev/hda1
mkreiserfs            formatiranje na HDD so reiserfs                     mkreiserfs /dev/hda1

Mount
mount                 zakacuva nosac na dati t.e podatoci                 mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/win
mount -t [Filesystem] Mount-uva so prethodno daden Filesystem             mount -t ntfs /mnt/win_xp
mount -a              gi Mount-uva site nosaci na pod. od /etc/fstab      mount -a
mount -r              od nosacot na pod. moze samo da se cita             mount -r /mnt/win
mount -w              dozvoleno citanje i pisuvanje na nosacot na pod.    mount -w /mnt/win
mount -n              Mount-uva bez vnesuvanje vo /etc/mtab               mount -n /mnt/win

Korisnici
id                    go pokazuva kor. ime i grupata                      id
whoami                go pokazuva aktuelniot, prijaven korisnik           whoami
who                   koj sve e logiran                                   who
groupadd [Grupa]      kreira nova grupa                                   groupadd admins
groupdel [Grupa]      brise ena grupa                                     groupdel admins
useradd -m [USER]     kreira korisnik i "domasna" papka                   useradd -m chef
userdel -r [USER]     brise korisnik i "dom" papka                        useradd -m chef
passwd [USER]         go menuva pasvordot na korisnikot                   passwd chef
su                    koristenje na konzolata kako administrator          su
su [USER]             koristenje na konzolata kako obiocen korisnik       su chef

Mreza
ifconfig             gi pokazuva informaciite za mrezata                  ifconfig
iwconfig             ifo za WLAN                                          iwconfig
ping [PC]            testira povrzuvanje so eden PC                       ping 192.168.0.1

Kernel i Moduli
lsmod                gi pokazuva modulite                                 lsmod
make menuconfig      sreduvanje na kernel-ot                              cd /usr/src/linux;
make menuconfig
modprobe [Modul]     polni eden Modul                                     modprobe printer
uname -a             ja pokazuva verzijata na Kernel-ot                   uname -a

drugo...
ps aux              gi pokazuva site procesi i "usluzni programi"         ps aux
rc-update show      gi pokazuva "usluznite" prog. sto se polnat pri Start rc-update show

Коментари:

Постирано од: ultra
Датум на внесување: 23.Август.2006 во 09:27

vaka sega...

Posto ionaka nema mnogu zainteresirani, prodolzuvam so vi - Referenc-Listata bez da ja preveduvam...

Mal predgovor za vi.
vi e najobicen editor i se sto se pisuva bez razlika dali e programa vo C, C++, java ili LaTeX se pisuva vo vi. Moze i drugi editori da se koristat ama vi se koristi vo site linux platformi.

Постирано од: natalija
Датум на внесување: 23.Август.2006 во 09:45

Имаше нешто слична тема мила влечка, само ретко кој работи на конзола..или терминал како сакаш кажи го..
Се ова ми е многу добро познато, само продолжи понатаму

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Постирано од: ultra
Датум на внесување: 23.Август.2006 во 09:50

VI

Syntax explanations
Strings or characters in bold must be entered on the command line of the vi
as they are. Clauses in italic must be replaced by the actual name, character
or number. vi commands are enclosed in <...>. They are not visable when
entered. Ctrl -c means that both the <Ctrl> key and the ’c’ key must be pressed.

Invoking vi
vi Enters the vi editor
vi filename Enters vi and edits file filename
vi +n filename Edits file filename and positions cursor at line n
vi -r filename Restores changes to filename caused by system interrupt
vi fn1 fn2 ... Edits multiple files fn1, fn2, ...
vi -R filename Views contents of file filename same as view filename

Save changes and/or exit from vi
:q! Quits the editor unconditionally
:q Quits the editor if last changes were written
:wq Writes the file and quits the editor
ZZ Writes the file and quits the editor
:w Writes the changes onto file
:w newname Writes data onto new file newname

Adusting the screen within vi
Ctrl -F or Ctrl -f Moves one full screen forward (#)
Ctrl -D or Ctrl -d Moves a half screen forward (#)
Ctrl -E or Ctrl -e Moves one line forward (#)
Ctrl -B or Ctrl -b Moves one full screen backward (")
Ctrl -U or Ctrl -u Moves a half screen backward (")
Ctrl -Y or Ctrl -y Moves one line backward (")
< 1G > Moves to the top of the file
< G > Move to the bottom of the file

Cursor positioning
Following commands can be used besides the cursor keys

... within the file
:n or < nG > Moves cursor to the begin of line n
:1 or < 1G > Moves cursor to the top of the file
< G > Moves cursor to the begin of the last line
< n| > Moves cursor to column n

... within the window
< H > Moves cursor to upper left corner of screen
< nH > Moves cursor to line n from top of screen
< M > Moves cursor to middle of screen
< L > Moves cursor to lower left corner of screen
< nL > Moves cursor to line n from bottom of screen

... by character
< h > or Ctrl -H
< BACKSPACE > Moves cursor one character to left
< l >
< SPACE > Moves cursor one character to right
< Fc > Moves cursor left to character c (Find)
< fc > Moves cursor right to character c
< Tc > Moves cursor left to character just after c (Tight)
< tc > Moves cursor right to character just before c

... by word
< e > Moves cursor to end of word (End)
 Moves cursor to beginning of previous word (Begin)
< w > Moves cursor to beginning of next word

... by line
< j > or Ctrl -N Moves cursor down one line (Next)
< k > or Ctrl -P Moves cursor up one line (Previous)
< 0 > Moves cursor to beginning of line
< $ > Moves cursor to end of line
< + > Moves cursor to beginning of next line
< – > Moves cursor to beginning of previous line

... by sentence or paragraph
< ( > Moves cursor to beginning of sentence
< ) > Moves cursor to beginning of next sentence
< { > Moves cursor to beginning of paragraph
< } > Moves cursor to beginning of next paragraph

prodolzuva...

Постирано од: ultra
Датум на внесување: 23.Август.2006 во 09:52

natalija напиша:

Имаше нешто слична тема мила влечка, само ретко кој работи на конзола..или терминал како сакаш кажи го..
Се ова ми е многу добро познато, само продолжи понатаму

Ako neka stoi, moze na nekoj ke mu pritreba pa duri sto se vika i jas mozam ovde da se potsekam... posto se na pamet ne se znae....

Fala za podrskata

Постирано од: ultra
Датум на внесување: 23.Август.2006 во 10:47

...prodolzenie...

Inserting text (Input Mode)
Following commands switch to input mode where every character is taken as is. To return to command mode, press the <ESC> key.
 Inserts text immediately before cursor
 Inserts text at beginning of line
< a > Appends text immediately after cursor
< A > Appends text to the end of the line
< o > Inserts text below current line
< O > Inserts text above current line

Commands within the input mode
< ESC > Exits input mode, returns to command mode
< BACKSPACE > Deletes current input character
< ENTER > Creates a new line

Deleting text
< nx > Deletes n characters starting at cursor
< nX > Deletes n characters to left of cursor
< ndd > Deletes n lines starting at current line
< D > Deletes from cursor to line end
< dM > Deletes from cursor to unit of measurement M

Examples:
 d0 Deletes from cursor to beginning of line (0)
 dW Deletes from cursor to end of word (W)
 dG Deletes to bottom of file (G)
 d1G Deletes to top of file (1G)

Modifying text
< r > Replaces character under cursor
< R > Write over old text beginning at cursor; press <ESC> to end
< s > Replaces one character through any given number of characters (Substitute);
 press <ESC> to end
< S > Replaces entire current line; press <ESC> to end
< C > Changes rest of the line
< ˜ > Switches lower to upper case or vice versa

Retrieving text
After text was deleted or noted, it can be retrieved from the buffer and inserted at the original place or elsewhere in the file.

 Puts text immediately after cursor or below current line
 Puts text immediately before cursor or above current line

Moving and copying text
For moving or copying text there are always two steps to do: first one has to define the range of text, that should be moved or copied, and then one has to define the new location of the text.

Move
Moving text means that the data at the original location is deleted. Thereby the data is saved in the buffer from were it could be retrieved and inserted into the text at the new location. The retrieve of the data from the buffer must be done before the buffer is rewritten.

 Examples:
 dd and P Moves one line above current line
 3dd and p Moves 3 lines after current line
 5x and p Moves 5 characters after cursor

Another method is the use of the move command for which one has to know the linenumbers:

:m# Moves current line after line with number #
:a,bm# Moves range of lines a to b after line with number #

 Examples:
 :m3 Moves current line after line 3
 :1,3m$ Moves the range of line 1 to 3 to the bottom of the file

Copy
Copying text means that the data at the original location remains unchanged, but a copy is yanked into the buffer. From there it could be retrieved and inserted into the text at another location.. The retrieve of the data from the buffer must be done before the buffer is rewritten.

< Y > Yanks actual line
< nyy > Yanks from the current line n lines
< YM > Yanks the range from the current line to the unit of measurement M

 Examples:
 Y and P Copies one line above the current line
 3yy and p Copies 3 lines after the current line
 YG and p Copies range of data up to the bottom of the file after the current line

Another method is the use of the copy command for which one has to know the linenumbers:

:co# Copies current line after line with number #
:a,bco# Copies the range of line a to b after line number #

 Examples:
 :co3 Copies current line after line 3
 :1,3co$ Copies the range of line 1 up to 3 to the bottom of the file

...prodolzuva...

Постирано од: ultra
Датум на внесување: 23.Август.2006 во 14:15

...posledno prodolzenie...

Searching text
< /string > Searches for next appearence of string
< ?string > Searches backward for first appearence of string
< n > Repeats last search
< N > Repeats search in opposite direction
< / > Repeats previous search in forward direction
< ? > Repeats previous search in backward direction

Search and replace (global change)
< :s/str1/str2/g > Replaces all occurences of str1 with str2 within the current line. If g (global) isn’t
 specified, only the first occurence is changed.
< :a,b s/str1/str2/g > Replaces all occurences of str1 with str2 within the range of line a up to line b.
 If g(global) isn’t specified, only the first occurence is changed.

 Example:
 :1,$ s/resource/Ressource/g
 changes within the complete file all occurences of resource into Ressource. Instead of ’1,$’ one can use
 the % sign to define the complete file.
 The command :% s/resource/Ressource/g is therefore equivalent.

:g /str/ command Searches within the complete file for str and runs command command on all the
 lines that match str.

 Example:
 :g /resource/ s//Ressource/g
 changes within the complete file all occurences of resource into Ressource.

:v /str/ command Runs command on all lines that do not match str
< & > Repeats the last :s command

Working with multiple files
:r filename Reads in and inserts named file filename after current line
:w! filename Writes complete file onto file filename (Overwrite)
:a,bw! filename Writes a range of lines from line a up to line b onto the file filename

 Example :
 ’:10,15w! TT’ writes line 11 up to 15 onto file TT

:a,bw>> filename Appends a range of line from line a up to line b to file filename
:n Edits next file from argument list
:e filename Edits another file; return to current file with :e#
Ctrl -G Displays the filename and position within the current file

Executing shell commands
:sh Creates a subshell. Return to editor with C-d or exit.
:!command Creates a shell and runs command command.
:r!command Creates a shell, runs command command and inserts the output of command after the cursor.
!!command Creates a shell, runs command command and substitutes the current line by the output of command.

Other usefull commands
< . > Repeats last command
< J > Joins following line to current line
< Jn > Joins following n-1 lines to current line
 Undo last change
 Restores current line

Using vi options
:set all Prints all option settings
:set option [value] Sets option

Some usefull options are:
autowrite Enables autowrite function
ignorcase Ignores lowercase and uppercase on search operations
number Prints line numbers
showmode Shows the current mode (Input, Replace) at the lower right corner

Using vi macros
vi supports the definition of macros, that map a series of command to a characterstring. There are two types of macros: macros in command mode and macros in input mode.

Defining macros:
:map macroname commands macro in command mode
:map! macroname commands macro in input mode

 Example:
 ’:map Q :q!’ now Q can be used to quit the editor unconditionally

Deleting macros:
:unmap macroname for command mode macros
:unmap! macroname for input mode macros

Постирано од: ZokiBoSS
Датум на внесување: 27.Август.2006 во 17:11

Влечка, браво за целиот труд за линукс командите, мислам дека си можел да го пастираш линкот до соодветниот туториал, а ако веќе си сакал од тебе да бидат, да се потрудеше барем на македонски да преведиш, и да ги издвоиш битните од небитните скратени команди :) .. Сепак браво за времето и нервите :)

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That What Doesn't Kill Me, Only Makes Me Stronger..!

Постирано од: ultra
Датум на внесување: 28.Август.2006 во 08:40

Fala, go sfakam ova kako podrska, a inace (moze ne ti se veruva) zensko sum.

Sto se odnesuva do vi-Referenc-Listata, ja imam kako ps dokument simnato od eden Institut za primeneta matematika, a ne ja prevedov posto nemam vreme, copy-paste rabotava e, so malo preureduvanje posto mi se izgubi tabelata...

Постирано од: ZokiBoSS
Датум на внесување: 28.Август.2006 во 13:18

Влечка, браво.. Не ни очекував женско да биде заинтересирано за линукс, и затоа помислив дека е некое машко .. Сепак, сакав и да ти речам да го едитираш постот кога си по слободна, и да ги оставиш само основните или инаку речено најбитните команди, бидејќи факт е дека VI е најдобар едитор, но и најкомплициран.. Поздрав

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That What Doesn't Kill Me, Only Makes Me Stronger..!

Постирано од: natalija
Датум на внесување: 28.Август.2006 во 13:31

Зашто бе Зоки и јас сум женско па одлично го познавам линухот и го владеам

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Постирано од: Flix
Датум на внесување: 28.Август.2006 во 15:37

Навистина е одлично за тоа што се потрудивте. ас сум еден понов корисник на линукс и овие наредби ми помогнаа.

Поздрав

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